EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS COLONIZACIONES E INFECCIONES POR BACTERIAS PRODUCTORAS DE CARBAPENEMASAS EN UN HOSPITAL PEDIÁTRICO / EVOLUTION OF COLONIZATIONS AND INFECTIONS BY BACTERIA PRODUCERS OF CARBAPENEMASSES IN A HOSPITAL PEDIATRIC

La emergencia de bacterias productoras de carbapenemasas (BPC) representa un problema de salud pública. La vigilancia epidemiológica constituye una herramienta fundamental para el control de la diseminación

The emergence of carbapenemase-producing bacteria (PCBs) represents a public health problem. Epidemiological surveillance constitutes a fundamental tool for the control of dissemination

Implementación de un programa para mitigar la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en escenarios de bajos recursos / Implementation of a program to face antimicrobial resistance on a low resources hospital

Estudio cuasi-experimental desarrollado para disminuir el impacto de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos a través de un programa de prevención de infecciones y optimización del uso de antimicrobianos construido "a medida" según las posibilidades de la institución. Se implementó: vigilan-cia de colonización e infección por enterobacterias pro-ductoras de carbapenemasas (EPC); vigilancia y medidas preventivas para infecciones urinarias asociadas a sonda vesical (ITU); vigilancia e intervenciones para mejorar la higiene de manos; guías locales de tratamiento de enfer-medades infecciosas con evaluación de adherencia a las mismas y consumo de antibióticos (ATB). Resultados: Comparando periodo pre y postintervención: tasa de EPC en muestras clínicas: 1,1 a 0/días paciente; razón de tasas de incidencia (IRR: 0.00, p: 0.033); tasa de colonización: 3,3 a 0,61/días paciente (IRR: 0.18, p: 0.5). Tasa de ITU 8,9 a 7,2/1000 días catéter urinario (IRR: 0.81, p 0.5). Adherencia a higiene de manos: 77,5% a 70,38% (p 0.0067). Consumo de ATB: 376,24 a 176,82 DDD, (disminu-ción 53%). Adherencia a guías en elección de ATB: 57,1% a 95,4% (p 0.00031); duración de ATB: 92,8% a 98,4% (p 0.16); adecuación según rescate microbiológico: 57,1% a 100% (p <0.01). Conclusión: Un programa con medidas simples, a medida, con supervisión externa, redujo en un tiempo relativamente corto las infecciones por EPC, el consumo y uso apropiado de ATB en un hospital público de medianos/bajos recursos

This quasi-experimental study was developed in a public hospital with the goal of reducing the impact of antimicrobial resistance through an infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship program. The following measures were implemented: surveillance of colonization and infection by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE); surveillance and preventive measures for urinary catheter-associated infections (UTIs); surveillance and interventions for hand hygiene; local guidelines for treatment of infectious diseases with compliance and antibiotic (ATB) consumption metrics.Results: comparing the pre-intervention and post-intervention period, CPE rate in clinical samples 1.1 to 0/patient days, incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.00, p: 0.033 and colonization of 3.3 to 0.61/days patient, IRR: 0.18, p-value: 0.5. UTI rate 8.9 to 7.2/1000 days urinary catheter IRR: 0.81, p 0.5. Hand Hygiene compliance: 77.5% to 70.38%, p 0.0067. ATB consumption: 376.24 to 176.82 DDD, 53% decrease. Compliance to guidelines in ATB selection: 57.1% to 95.4% p 0.00031, duration of ATB from 92.8% to 98.4% p 0.16, and adequacy to microbiological rescue of 57.1% at 100%, p <0.01. Conclusion: it is possible to reduce CPE infections, the consumption of antimicrobials and optimize their use in a public hospital in a country with medium/low resources through a program with basic and tailored measures

Caracterización de aislamientos de Klebsiella pneumoniae doble productores de carbapenemasas en un hospital universitario / Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of double carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniaeisolates in a University Hospital

La emergencia de aislamientos de Klebsiella pneumoniaedoble productores de carbapenemasas (KPC y NDM) es una de las consecuencias de la pandemia causada por SARS-CoV-2 que ha causado un impacto significativo en las tasas de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en las infecciones intrahospitalarias por esta enterobacteria. Estos aislamientos representan un desafío para los servicios de salud, por su detección y caracterización y posterior tratamiento. En este trabajo se describen los aislamientos portadores de KPC y NDM recuperados durante 2022 aislados de distintas muestras clínicas de pacientes internados en un hospital universitario de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires, se los caracteriza fenotípicamente y genotípicamente como portadores de ambas carbapenemasas y se destaca la excelente actividad in vitro de la combinación ceftazidima-avibactam y aztreonam en el tratamiento de estas infecciones en donde las alternativas terapéuticas estarían limitadas a antibióticos no ß-lactámicos con porcentajes de resistencia que superan el 70%

The emergence of double-carbapenemase (KPC and NDM) producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates is one of the consequences derived from the SARS CoV-2 pandemic, which has caused significant impact on the antimicrobial resistance rates in hospital acquired infections. These isolates represent a real challenge for Health Services due to their difficult detection and characterization and subsequent treatment. In the present work we describe the double carbapenemase producing isolates recovered during the year 2022 from clinical samples belonging to hospitalized patients at a University Hospital in Buenos Aires city, we report their phenotypic and genotypic characterization and the excellent "in vitro" activity of the ceftazidime-avibactam-aztreonam combination in the treatment of infections in which the therapeutical options are restricted to non ß- lactamic antimicrobials which hold resistance rates higher than 70%

Enterobacterales resistentes a carbapenemes: estudio epidemiológico de aislamientos en un hospital público de Santa Fe / Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales: Epidemiological study of isolates in a public hospital in Santa Fe

Introducción: La incidencia de Enterobacterales resistentes a carbapenemes (ERC) se elevó en la última década, y en especial durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivo: Conocer el perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana, así como la frecuencia y tipo de carbapenemasas presen-tes en los aislamientos de ERC en un hospital regional.Materiales y métodos: Estudio epidemiológico, observa-cional y retrospectivo. Incluyó ERC aislados en muestras clínicas durante 2021 en un hospital regional de Santa Fe, Argentina. El cálculo de la incidencia (aislamientos/pacien-tes-día) e intervalo de confianza 95% (IC 95%), y las pruebas estadísticas se realizaron con OpenEpi.Resultados: 348 ERC aislados (11,9 aislamientos/1000 pacientes-día; IC95% 10,7-13,2). La incidencia se correla-cionó con los casos de COVID-19 (rho=0,874, p<0,001) y fue a expensas de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (76,4%). El principal ERC aislado fue Klebsiella pneumoniae (71,4%, n=260). KPC fue el principal mecanismo de resistencia (61,2%). Se aislaron dos doble productores de carbapene-masas. La tasa global de resistencia a los antibióticos no betalactámicos evaluados fue superior en Klebsiella pneu-moniae que en el resto de los aislamientos resistentes a carbapenemes (60,6% vs. 38,5%, p<0,001). En KPC hubo mayor resistencia a colistin (44,6% vs. 23,9%, p=0,001) y menor a amikacina (23,9% vs. 72,6%, p<0,001).Conclusión: Frente a las escasas opciones terapéuticas en infecciones por ERC se destaca la importancia de conocer los mecanismos de resistencia implicados y la epidemiología local

Introduction: The incidence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) rose in the last decade, and especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.Objective: To identify the antimicrobial resistance profile, as well as the frequency and type of carbapenems that were present in CRE isolations in a tertiary care hospital.Materials and methods: Epidemiological, observational and retrospective study. It included CRE isolated in clinical samples during 2021 in a tertiary care hospital in Argentina. Incidences (isolations/patients-day), confidence intervals of 95% (CI 95%) and statistical comparisons were made with OpenEpi.Results: 348 CRE were isolated (11.9 isolations/1,000 patients-day, IC95% 10.7-13.2). Incidence correlated to COVID-19 cases (rho=0.874, p<0.001). Most isolations were from the Intensive Care Unit (76.4%) and the from respiratory samples (27.6%, n=96) and blood cultures (24.4%, n=92). The main isolated CRE was Klebsiella pneumoniae (71.4%, n=260), with a general carbapenem resistance of 53.4%. KPC was the main resistance mechanism (61.2%). Two double carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales were isolated. Klebsiella pneumoniae presented a higher overall resistance rate to non-betalactam antibiotics (60.6% vs 38.5%, p<0.001). Among CRE, a higher colistin resistance rate was found in KPC isolations (44.6% vs 23.9%, p=0.001) and lower resistance to amikacin (23.9% vs 72.6%, p<0.001).Conclusion: The difficulty in the selection of antibiotic regimens for CRE forces the treating physicians to put emphasis on the knowledge of resistance mechanisms to optimize them

Temporal association between antibiotic use and resistance in Gram-negative bacteria / Associação temporal entre o uso de antibióticos e resistência em bactérias gram-negativas

The β-lactam/lactamase inhibitors (BLBLIs) combination drugs are considered an effective alternative to carbapenems. However, there is a growing concern that the increased use of BLBLIs may lead to increased resistance. This study determined the temporal association between the consumption of BLBLI and the antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. In this retrospective study, electronic data on the Gram-negative bacterial isolates, including A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae from in-patients and susceptibility testing results were retrieved from the medical records of the clinical laboratory. A linear regression and cross-correlation analysis were performed on the acquired data. Increasing trends (p<0.05) in the consumption of BIBLI and carbapenem with a median use of 27.68 and 34.46 DDD/1000 PD per quarter were observed, respectively. A decreased trend (p=0.023) in the consumption of fluoroquinolones with a median use of 29.13 DDD/1000 PD per quarter was observed. The resistance rate of K. pneumoniae was synchronized with the BIBLI and carbapenem consumptions with a correlation coefficient of 0.893 (p=0.012) and 0.951 (p=0.016), respectively. The cross-correlation analysis against the consumption of BIBLI and meropenem resistant K. pneumoniae was peaked at 0-quarter lag (r=951, p=0.016). There was an increasing trend in the consumption of BLBLI and carbapenems. The increasing trend in the rates of resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam, in line with the increasing consumption of BLBLI, suggests that BLBLI has to be used with caution and cannot be directly considered as a long-term alternative to carbapenems.

Os medicamentos combinados de β-lactâmicos / inibidores da lactamase (BLBLIs) são considerados uma alternativa eficaz aos carbapenêmicos. No entanto, existe uma preocupação crescente de que o aumento do uso de BLBLIs pode levar ao aumento da resistência. Este estudo determinou a associação temporal entre o consumo de BLBLI e a resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias gram-negativas. Neste estudo retrospectivo, os dados eletrônicos sobre as bactérias gram-negativas isoladas, incluindo A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, E. coli e K. pneumoniae de pacientes internados e os resultados dos testes de suscetibilidade foram recuperados dos registros médicos do laboratório clínico. Uma regressão linear e análise de correlação cruzada foram realizadas nos dados adquiridos. Foram observadas tendências crescentes (p < 0,05) no consumo de BIBLI e carbapenem com uma mediana de uso de 27,68 e 34,46 DDD/1000 PD por trimestre, respectivamente. Foi observada uma tendência de diminuição (p = 0,023) no consumo de fluoroquinolonas com uma mediana de uso de 29,13 DDD/1000 PD por trimestre. A taxa de resistência de K. pneumoniae foi sincronizada com os consumos de BIBLI e carbapenem com coeficiente de correlação de 0,893 (p = 0,012) e 0,951 (p = 0,016), respectivamente. A análise de correlação cruzada contra o consumo de BIBLI e K. pneumoniae resistente ao meropenem atingiu o pico no intervalo de 0 quarto (r = 951, p = 0,016). Houve uma tendência de aumento no consumo de BLBLI e carbapenêmicos. A tendência crescente nas taxas de resistência a piperacilina/tazobactam, em linha com o consumo crescente de BLBLI, sugere que BLBLI deve ser usado com cautela e não pode ser considerado diretamente como alternativa de longo prazo aos carbapenêmicos.

Genes involucrados con resistencia antimicrobiana en hospitales del Ecuador / Genes involved with antimicrobial resistance in Ecuadorian hospitals

INTRODUCCIÓN. La resistencia a los antimicrobianos es un problema de salud pública actual asociado con alta mortalidad, hospitalización prolongada, alternativas terapéuticas reducidas, mayores costos económicos y la posibilidad de brotes hospitalarios. OBJETIVO. Describir los principales genes involucrados con resistencia antimicrobiana en hospitales del Ecuador. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Se realizó una descripción retrospectiva no experimental, de artículos indexados relacionados con resistencia antimicrobiana en hospitales del Ecuador, con evidencia desde el año 2009 al 2022. La revisión de bibliografías se llevó a cabo en bases de datos como Pubmed, Science Direct y Google Scholar. RESULTADOS. De un grupo original de 77 artículos, se seleccionaron 33 documentos. En Ecuador, varios estudios han descrito los mecanismos moleculares involucrados en la resistencia bacteriana. Sin embargo, en bacterias menos comunes, falta investigación sobre los genes asociados. CONCLUSIONES. Las principales bacterias multirresistentes descritas en Ecuador son Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli y Acinetobacter baumanni, las cuales presentan genes involucrados en la producción de carbapenemasas (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA-48). Estas bacterias presentan altos niveles de resistencia a los antibióticos y son objeto de vigilancia epidemiológica por parte del sistema nacional de salud. A nivel local, otras bacterias presentan mecanismos de resistencia a los carbapenémicos (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter sp., Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter sp.), pero no existen descripciones detalladas del genotipo, sus características microbiológicas o la clínica del paciente. El conocimiento de las tasas de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en los diferentes hospitales, la implementación de un plan de administración de antibióticos, el uso correcto de los equipos de protección personal, el aislamiento de las personas con infecciones multirresistentes, así como el trabajo colaborativo entre las diferentes áreas del hospital, son esenciales para reducir la propagación de estos patógenos.

INTRODUCTION. Antimicrobial resistance is a current public health problem associated with high mortality, prolonged hospitalization, reduced therapeutic alternatives, increased economic costs, and the potential for hospital outbreaks. OBJECTIVE. To describe the main genes involved with antimicrobial resistance in hospitals in Ecuador. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective non-experimental description of indexed articles related to antimicrobial resistance in hospitals in Ecuador was carried out, with evidence from 2009 to 2022. The review of bibliographies was carried out in databases such as Pubmed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. RESULTS. From an original group of 77 articles, 33 papers were selected. In Ecuador, several studies have described the molecular mechanisms involved in bacterial resistance. However, in less common bacteria, research on the associated genes is lacking. CONCLUSIONS. The main multidrug-resistant bacteria described in Ecuador are Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumanni, which present genes involved in the production of carbapenemases (blaKPC, blaNDM, blaOXA-48). These bacteria present high levels of antibiotic resistance and are subject to epidemiological surveillance by the national health system. Locally, other bacteria present mechanisms of resistance to carbapenemics (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter sp., Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter sp.), but there are no detailed descriptions of the genotype, their microbiological characteristics or the patient's clinic. Knowledge of antimicrobial resistance rates in different hospitals, the implementation of an antibiotic stewardship plan, the correct use of personal protective equipment, the isolation of individuals with multidrug-resistant infections, as well as collaborative work between different areas of the hospital, are essential to reduce the spread of these pathogens.

Resistencia a colistina en aislados de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos en un hospital pediátrico de Corrientes / Colistin resistance in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a pediatric hospital from Corrientes, Argentina

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existe un incremento de las infecciones por Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos (KPRC) en la población pediátrica y los datos epidemiológicos son limitados. OBJETIVOS: Conocer la frecuencia de KPRC en pacientes pediátricos, determinar la actividad in vitro de colistina y detectar el gen mcr-1 en dichos aislados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 220 aislados de K. pneumoniae en un hospital pediátrico durante los años 2018 y 2019. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se determinó por microdilución en caldo según CLSI y EUCAST. Los genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48 y mcr-1 se analizaron mediante reacción de polimerasa en cadena (RPC). RESULTADOS: El 9,5% (n: 21) de los aislados fueron caracterizados como KPRC, donde se observó una resistencia a colistina de 47,6% (10/21) con valores de CIM50 de 2 μg/mL y CIM90 de > 4 μg/mL. En todos los aislados de KPRC se caracterizó el gen blaKPC y no se detectó el gen mcr-1. El perfil de resistencia observado en otros antimicrobianos fue el siguiente: gentamicina 100% (n: 21), ciprofloxacina 100% (n: 21), cotrimoxazol 100% (n: 21) y amikacina 19% (n: 4). Se observó 100% de sensibilidad a tigeciclina y ceftazidima/avibactam. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio demuestra un valor significativo de la resistencia a colistina en comparación a ceftazidima/avibactam y tigeciclina.

BACKGROUND: There is an increase of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections in the pediatric population and epidemiological data are limited. Aim: To calculate the frequency of CRKP in pediatric patients, to determine the in vitro activity of colistin and to detect the presence of mcr-1 gene in said isolates. METHODS: 220 isolates of K. pneumoniae were studied in a pediatric hospital between January 2018 and December 2019. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by microdilution in broth according to guidelines of CLSI and EUCAST. The genes blaKPC, blaNDM, blaIMP, blaVIM, blaOXA-48 and mcr-1 were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: 9.5% (n: 21) of the isolates were characterized as CRKP, where was observed a resistance to colistin of 47.6% (10/21) with values of MIC50 of 2 μg/mL and MIC90 of ≥ 4 μg/mL. In 100% of CRKP strains the blaKPC gene was detected and the mcr-1 gene was not found. The resistance profile to other antimicrobials was as follow: gentamicin 100% (n: 21), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 100% (n: 21), ciprofloxacin 100% (n: 21), amikacin 19% (n: 4). All of the isolates were sensitive to ceftazidime/avibactam and tigecycline. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a significant value of resistance to colistin in pediatric patients compared to other last line antimicrobial such as ceftazidime/avibactam and tigecycline.

Occurrence of blaKPC gene in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Brazil

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the main microorganisms causing healthcarerelated infections. The rise of carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa (CRPA) strains has become a serious public health problem. Dissemination of the enzyme Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) encoded by the blaKPC gene cause the inactivation of ß-lactam antibiotics being one of the mechanisms involved in this resistance. Given the above, the objective of this review was to evaluate the occurrence of the blaKPC gene in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Brazil. For this, the online databases used were: Lilacs, SciELO and PubMed. The search for articles included articles published from 2012 to 2020, using the following keywords: blaKPC (KPC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Brazil (in Portuguese and English). Initially, 30 publications eligible for inclusion in this review were identified. After the first analysis, two articles were excluded due to duplication. Subsequently, titles and abstracts were evaluated, 15 articles were excluded because they did not fit the theme, and 13 articles that met the inclusion criteria were read in full. In these studies, the presence of the blaKPC gene was investigated in 566 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Brazil, with 86 (15.2%) positive samples found. Pernambuco was the state with the highest number of articles and positive samples, respectively, 38.5% (5/13), and 65.1% (56/86). This study reinforces the need to investigate the occurrence of this gene in all regions of the country in CRPA, aiming to understand how its dissemination occurs and to promote prevention and therapeutic strategies.

Comparação do mecanismo de heterorresistência em Serratia marcescens por time kill curve frente ao meropeném / Comparison of heteroresistance mechanism in Serratia marcescens by time kill curve against meropenem

Serratia marcescens pertence à Família Enterobacteriaceae, é Gram-negativa e anaeróbica facultativa, sendo bem distribuída na natureza; pode ser isolada como saprófita do solo e da água. Possui um significado clínico relevante, pois acarreta infecções nosocomiais e pulmonares em determinados setores da saúde, como unidades neonatais, maternidades e UTIs, além de sepse, meningite, choque endotóxico e infecções do trato urinário. O intuito desse estudo foi analisar o mecanismo de heterorresistência em linhagens sensíveis de Serratia marcescens diante das concentrações testadas de meropeném. As linhagens SR1 e SR2 apresentaram perfil heterorresistente, ao passo que a SR6 demonstrou ser não heterorresistente, com CIM elevado (32µg/mL). Os isolados de Serratia marcescens são suscetíveis ao meropenem, por testes de sensibilidade padrão, mas contêm subpopulações resistentes ao mesmo.

Serratia marcescens belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family, it is optional anaerobic gram-negative, being well distributed in nature and it might be isolated as saprophytic from soil and water. It has a meaningful clinical significance, because it causes nosocomial and lung infections in certain healthcare sectors, such as neonatal units, maternity units and UTIs; septicemia, meningitis, endotoxin shock and urinary tract infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the mechanism of heteroresistance in susceptible strains of Serratia marcescens in the presence of the tested concentration of meropenem. The lineages SR1 and SR2 presented heteroresistant profile, while the SR6 showed to be nonheterorresistente, with CIM (32 µg/mL). The Isolates of Serratia marcescens are susceptible to meropenem, by standard sensitivity testing, but there are subpopulations resistant to it.

Risk factors for the colonization or infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children: a Meta analysis / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To systematically assess the risk factors for the colonization or infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children.@*METHODS@#PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Wanfang Data, China Biology Medicine disc were searched to obtain the articles on risk factors for the colonization or infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children published up to May 31, 2021. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform the Meta analysis.@*RESULTS@#A total of 13 articles were included, with 1 501 samples in total. The Meta analysis showed that indwelling gastric tube (OR=4.91), tracheal intubation (OR=5.03), central venous catheterization (OR=3.75), indwelling urinary catheterization (OR=4.11), mechanical ventilation (OR=3.09), history of hospitalization in the intensive care unit (OR=2.39), history of surgical operation (OR=3.22), previous use of third-generation cephalosporins (OR=2.62), previous use of carbapenem antibiotics (OR=3.82), previous use of glycopeptide antibiotics (OR=3.48), previous use of β-lactamase inhibitors (OR=2.87), previous use of antifungal drugs (OR=2.48), previous use of aminoglycoside antibiotics (OR=2.54), and Apgar score ≤7 at 1 minute after birth (OR=2.10) were risk factors for the colonization or infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Invasive operations, history of hospitalization in the intensive care unit, previous use of antibiotics such as carbapenem antibiotics, and Apgar score ≤7 at 1 minute after birth are risk factors for the colonization or infection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children.

Marcadores hematológicos y bioquímicos para el diagnóstico precoz de bacteriemiascausadas por Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a los carbapenémicos / Haematological and biochemical markers for the early diagnosis of bacteremias caused bycarbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae

INTRODUCCIÓN. Las bacteriemias causadas por Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenémicos se asocian con altas tasas de mortalidad a diferencia de las bacteriemias causadas por Enterobacteriaceae sensibles a carbapenémicos. Los hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio son importantes para determinar los esquemas terapéuticos y su pronóstico; su diagnóstico precoz resulta esencial para un manejo adecuado. OBJETIVO. Relacionar valores de marcadores sanguíneos y bioquímicos en bacteriemias causadas por Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenémicos. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio analítico transversal. Población de 427 y muestra de 224 datos de hemocultivos positivos para Enterobacteriaceae de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el periodo mayo 2016 a julio 2018. Criterios de inclusión: i) al menos un hemocultivo positivo; ii) recuperación del aislado de CRE o CSE y iii) recolección simultanea de muestras de sangre y pruebas de laboratorio. Criterios de exclusión: i) bacteriemias polimicrobianas; ii) valores fuera de rango y iii) reportes sin valores numéricos. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante el programa estadístico International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences versión 24.0. RESULTADOS. Se demostró que el recuento de leucocitos [OR 1,21 (95% IC: 1,03-1,43)], el recuento de plaquetas [OR 1,65 (95% IC: 1,37-1,98)] y el tiempo parcial de tromboplastina [OR 1,29 (95% IC: 1,04-1,60)] fueron buenas variables predictoras independientes, mediante análisis de regresión logística multivariante. CONCLUSIÓN. La trombocitopenia y el tiempo parcial de tromboplastina prolongado se asociaron con bacteremia causada por Enterobacteriaceae resistentes a carbapenémicos.

INTRODUCTION. Bacteremias caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are associated with high mortality rates in contrast to bacteremias caused by carbapenem-sensitive Enterobacteriaceae. Clinical and laboratory findings are important in determining therapeutic regimens and prognosis; early diagnosis is essential for appropriate management. OBJECTIVE. To relate blood and biochemical marker values in bacteremia caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Cross-sectional analytical study. Population of 427 and sample of 224 blood culture data positive for Enterobacteriaceae from patients attended at the Carlos Andrade Marín Specialties Hospital in the period May 2016 to July 2018. Inclusion criteria: i) at least one positive blood culture; ii) recovery of CRE or CSE isolate and iii) simultaneous collection of blood samples and laboratory tests. Exclusion criteria: i) polymicrobial bacteremia; ii) out-of-range values and iii) reports without numerical values. Data analysis was performed using the statistical program International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 24.0. RESULTS. Leukocyte count [OR 1.21 (95% CI: 1.03-1.43)], platelet count [OR 1.65 (95% CI: 1.37- 1.98)] and partial thromboplastin time [OR 1.29 (95% CI: 1.04-1.60)] were shown to be good independent predictor variables, by multivariate logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION. Thrombocytopenia and prolonged partial thromboplastin time were associated with bacteremia caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

Colonización rectal por Enterobacterales productores de múltiples carbapenemasas: Reporte de un caso de coproducción / Rectal colonization by Enterobacterales producing multiple carbapenemases: a co-production case report

Resumen El constante aumento de Enterobacterales productores de carbapenemasas (CPE) se constituye en un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, por el impacto generado en la mortalidad de los pacientes. El tracto gastrointestinal es el principal reservorio de este tipo de microorganismos, por lo cual, la colonización rectal se convierte en un importante factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de posteriores infecciones. Una de las estrategias de vigilancia epidemiológica activa, es la búsqueda de pacientes colonizados, a través de cultivos de tamización para detectar estos microrganismos multirresistentes. Reportamos el caso de un paciente, con historia de sepsis de origen pulmonar, colonizado por Klebsiella pneumoniae con coproducción de carbapenemasas NDM + KPC y Escherichia coli con carbapenemasa NDM. Este hallazgo es cada vez más frecuente, lo cual implica un reto en su detección y diagnóstico. Se describen características del paciente, procedimientos realizados y hallazgos microbiológicos.

Abstract The constant increase in carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) constitutes a public health problem worldwide, due to the impact generated on the mortality of patients. The gastrointestinal tract is the main reservoir for this microorganism, which is why, rectal colonization becomes an important risk factor for the development of subsequent infections. One of the active epidemiological surveillance strategies is the search for colonized patients through screening cultures, to detect these multi-resistant microorganisms. We report the case of a patient, with a history of sepsis of pulmonary origin, colonized by Klebsiella pneumoniae with co-production of NDM + KPC carbapenemases and NDM carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli. This finding is more and more frequent, which implies a challenge in its detection and diagnosis. Patient characteristics, procedures performed and microbiological findings are described.

Caracterización molecular de carbapenemasas en bacilos gramnegativos circulantes en hospitales de Paraguay. Primer cuatrimestre 2021 / Molecular characterization of carbapenemases in Gram-negative bacilli circulating in hospitals of Paraguay. First quarter of 2021

La resistencia a los antimicrobianos (RAM), representa un grave problema por el uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos de amplio espectro. En nuestro país, durante el primer cuatrimestre del año, se observó un aumento inusual en el número de aislamiento de gérmenes multirresistentes, sobre todo de bacilos gramnegativos, los cuales fueron remitidos al laboratorio de referencia con el objetivo de caracterizar los genes de resistencia a los carbapenemes. Estudio observacional y prospectivo de corte transversal en 456 aislamientos de bacilos gramnegativos provenientes de 11 centros colaboradores de la Red Nacional de Vigilancia de la RAM, remitidos al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública entre enero y abril de 2021, para la detección molecular (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa múltiple) de los genes de resistencia enzimática bla OXA-51, bla OXA-23, bla OXA-24, bla OXA-48, bla OXA-58, bla NDM, bla KPC, bla IMP, bla VIM. Trescientos sesenta correspondieron a bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores: 346 Acinetobacter baumannii y 14 Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 96 fueron miembros de Enterobacterales, siendo prevalente Klebsiella pneumoniae (81). Todos los aislamientos de Acinetobacter baumannii resultaron ser productores de carbapenemasas: OXA-23 (94%), NDM (4%), NMD+OXA-58 (2%); en Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 7 de los 14 aislamientos (50%) fueron portadores de metalobetalactamasa del genotipo NDM (100%). Los genotipos NDM (92%) y KPC (8%) fueron confirmados en Enterobacterales. La resistencia plasmídica a carbapenemes es endémica en nuestro país, siendo prevalentes los genotipos OXA-23 en Acinetobacter baumannii y NDM en Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Enterobacterales

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a serious problem due to the indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. During the first quarter of the year, an unusual increase in the number of isolation multi-resistant germs, especially gram-negative bacilli was observed, specially of Gram-negative bacilli which were referred to the reference laboratory in order to characterize the carbapenems resistance genes. Observational and prospective cross-sectional study in 456 isolates of Gram-negative bacilli from 11 collaborating centers of the National AMR Surveillance Network, referred to the Central Public Health Laboratory (LCSP) between January and April 2021, for molecular detection (multiple polymerase chain reaction) targeting the enzymatic resistance genes: bla OXA-51, bla OXA-23, bla OXA-24, bla OXA-48, bla OXA-58, bla NDM, bla KPC, bla IMP, bla VIM. Of the 456 isolates studied, 360 corresponded to non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, of which 346 were confirmed as Acinetobacter baumannii and 14 Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 96 were Enterobacterales, being Klebsiella pneumoniae (81) the most prevalent. All isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii carried genes encoding carbapenemases, being the OXA-23 (94%) followed by NDM (4%) and NDM +OXA-58 (2%). In Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, 7 of the 14 isolates (50%) were carriers of NDM metallobetalactamase (100%). No carbapenemase gene was detected in the remaining 7. In all Enterobacterales strains, the presence of carbapenemases of the NDM (92%) and KPC (8%) genotypes were confirmed. Plasmid resistance to carbapenems is endemic in our country, being the OXA-23 genotypes prevalent in Acinetobacter baumannii and NDM in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales

Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from southern Brazil / Epidemiologia molecular de Acinetobacter baumannii resistente aos carbapenêmicos provenientes do sul do Brasil / Epidemiología molecular de Acinetobacter baumannii resistente a carbapenem del sur de Brasil

Background and Objectives: carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii has reached extremely high levels worldwide, and class D OXA-type carbapenemases are the main associated mechanism. This study aimed to assess the phenotypic and molecular profile of clinical carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAb) isolates from a southern Brazilian border region. Methods: A. baumannii species was identified by the presence of the blaOXA-51 gene, and the susceptibility profile was determined by broth microdilution. The main carbapenemases were investigated by PCR and the molecular typing was performed by PFGE. Results: during the study, a total of 36 CRAb were recovered, of which 85.7% were from respiratory tract samples from ICU patients. High level resistance to were found in contrast to 100% of susceptibility for polymyxin B. The blaOXA-23 gene was present in 34 isolates and was the only one detected other than blaOXA-51. Molecular typing revealed the presence of four clonal strains, two of them endemic during the period of the study. Conclusion: to the best of our knowledge, our study brings the first data about resistance profile in Acinetobacter in the western border of southern Brazil and make aware of endemic clones of CRAb-producing-OXA-23 in this region of state, contributing for the construction of the national epidemiologic scenario of CRAb.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: a resistência aos carbapenêmicos em Acinetobacter baumannii atingiu níveis extremamente altos em todo o mundo, e as carbapenemases do tipo OXA classe D são o principal mecanismo associado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil fenotípico e molecular de isolados clínicos de A. baumannii resistentes aos carbapenêmicos (CRAb) de uma região de fronteira do sul do Brasil. Métodos: a espécie A. baumannii foi identificada através da presença do gene blaOXA-51, e o perfil de sensibilidade foi determinado por microdiluição em caldo. As principais carbapenemases foram investigadas por PCR, e a tipagem dos isolados de CRAb foi realizada por PFGE. Resultados: durante o período do estudo, 36 CRAb foram recuperados, dos quais 85,7% foram provenientes de amostras do trato respiratório de pacientes de UTI. Uma elevada resistência a aminoglicosídeos e fluoroquinolonas foi encontrada em contraste com 100% de sensibilidade a polimixina B. O gene blaOXA-23 foi encontrado em 34 isolados e foi o único detectado além do blaOXA-51. A tipagem molecular revelou a presença de quatro linhagens clonais, duas delas endêmicas ao longo do período do estudo. Conclusão: nosso estudo traz os primeiros dados sobre o perfil de resistência em Acinetobacter na fronteira oeste do sul do Brasil e alerta para a presença de clones endêmicos de CRAb produtores de OXA-23 nessa região, contribuindo para a construção do cenário epidemiológico nacional de CRAb.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: la resistencia a carbapenémicos en Acinetobacter baumannii ha alcanzado niveles extremadamente altos en todo el mundo y las carbapenemases OXA de clase D son el principal mecanismo asociado. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el perfil fenotípico y molecular de los aislados clínicos de A. baumannii resistentes a carbapenémicos (CRAb) de una región fronteriza en el sur de Brasil. Métodos: la especie A. baumannii se identificó a través de la presencia del gen blaOXA-51 y el perfil de sensibilidad se determinó por microdilución en caldo. Las principales carbapenemasas fueron investigadas por PCR y la tipificación se hizo con PFGE. Resultados: durante el período de estudio, se recuperaron 36 CRAb, 85,7% de muestras del tracto respiratorio de pacientes de la UCI. Se encontró una alta resistencia a los aminoglucósidos y las fluoroquinolonas en contraste con 100% de sensibilidad a polimixina B. El gen blaOXA-23 se encontró en 34 aislamientos y fue el único detectado además de blaOXA-51. La tipificación molecular reveló la presencia de cuatro cepas clonales, dos de ellas endémicas durante el período de estudio. Conclusiones: hasta donde sabemos, nuestro estudio trae los primeros datos sobre el perfil de resistencia en Acinetobacter en la frontera oeste del sur de Brasil y reconoce los clones endémicos de CRAb productores de OXA.(AU)

Investigation of metallo-beta-lactamase production in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in Kastamonu Training and Research Hospital, Turkey

Aims@#The detection of the metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates is crucial for infection control and public health. The present study aimed to investigate the MBL production in carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from various clinical samples in Kastamonu Training and Research Hospital, Turkey. @*Methodology and results@#Seventy-three carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from different patients between April 2018 and November 2020. Identification of the isolates was performed by conventional methods (culture examination, determination of Gram reaction, and oxidase test) and an automated system (Vitek 2). Antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined using the Vitek 2 and the results were interpreted based on the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) standards. The MBL production was phenotypically investigated using the imipenem-EDTA combined disk test. The presence of beta-lactamase IMP (blaIMP), beta-lactamase VIM (blaVIM) and beta-lactamase GIM (blaGIM) genes were determined using PCR to confirm the MBL production. Seventy-one isolates (97%, n=71/73) were resistant to imipenem, sixty-four isolates (88%, n=64/73) to meropenem and sixty-two isolates (85%, n=62/73) to both imipenem and meropenem. Sixty-five isolates (89%, n=65/73) were defined as multidrug-resistant. The MBL production was detected in 57 isolates (78%, n=57/73) phenotypically. However, the blaIMP, blaVIM and blaGIM genes were not detected in all the isolates.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#It was determined that there were no imipenemase (IMP), Verona integron-encoded metallo-beta-lactamase (VIM) and German imipenemase (GIM) type MBLs in carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from Kastamonu Training and Research Hospital. MBL production in carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa strains can be investigated phenotypically. However, confirmation of results with molecular tests is especially significant for epidemiological studies.

Infecção de loja de cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável (CDI) por klebsiella sp. Carbapenem-resistente / Klebsiella sp. carbapenem-resistant pocket infection of an Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)

RESUMO: As infecções associadas aos Dispositivos Cardíacos Eletrônicos Implantáveis (DCEI) apresentam uma incidência de até 3,4% e notável impacto na morbidade e mortalidade dos pacientes. As bactérias Gram-positivas, especialmente do gênero Staphylococcus sp. representam 60-70% dos agentes isolados. Por sua vez, as Gram-negativas correspondem até 9% dos casos. Relatamos uma infecção de loja de gerador de Cardioversor-desfibrilador implantável (CDI) por uma Klebsiella sp. resistente aos carbapenêmicos, em um paciente masculino jovem, cujo desafiador diagnóstico de certeza desse caso somente foi possível após exploração cirúrgica e cultura do material da loja do CDI, haja vista a apresentação clínica oligossintomática. Embora já descritas, Klebsiella sp. são raras nesse contexto e em nosso conhecimento, esse é o primeiro relato de uma infecção de DCEI por uma enterobactéria resistente a carbapenêmico. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Infections associated with Implantable Electronic Cardiac Devices (IECD) have an incidence of up to 3.4% and a notable impact on patient morbidity and mortality. Gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus sp. represent 60-70% of isolated agents. In turn, gram-negatives account for up to 9% of cases. We report an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) generator pocket infection by a Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella sp., in a young male patient, whose challenging diagnosis of certainty was only possible after surgical exploration and culture of the material from the ICD pocket, given the oligosymptomatic clinical presentation. Although already described, Klebsiella sp. are rare in this context and to our knowledge, this is the first report of an IECD infection by a carbapenem-resistant enterobacterium. (AU)

Detection of carbapenem hydrolyzing enzyme and extendedspectrum beta-lactamase in clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonaceae / Detecção de enzimas hidrolizantes de carbapenemas e beta-lactamases de espectro estendido em isolados clínicos de Enterobacteriaceae e Pseudomonaceae

Objective: Characterize isolates of enterobacterias and pseudomonas based on their resistance to the antibiotics. Methods: This study was conducted with 44 samples from various species from the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonaceae family and they were submitted to the Modified Hodge Test and Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) test. Results: From the 44 analyzed samples nine produced ESBL and ten produced some kind of carbapenemase. Conclusion: In total, 38,6% of the samples showed an increased in the incidence of this resistance in the last few years given that before 2001 there was not a single carbapenemase described. This fact alarms patients immunosuppressed or hospitalized since they colonize our digestive tract and can cause an infection given the opportunity.

Objetivo: Caracterizar isolados de enterobactérias e pseudomonas em relação a sua resistência aos antimicrobianos. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado com 44 amostras de várias espécies das famílias Enterobacteriaceae e Pseudomonaceae, as quais foram submetidas aos testes de Hodge Modificado e Beta-Lactamase de Espectro Estendido (ESBL). Resultados: Das 44 amostras analisadas nove são produtoras de ESBL e dez são produtoras de carbapenemase. Conclusão: No total, 38,6% das amostras apresentaram algum tipo de resistência às ESBL e carbapenemases, e esse número mostra um aumento na incidência dessas resistências nos últimos anos já que, antes de 2001, não haviam sido descritas as enzimas car­­­ba­­­penemases. Esse fato é alarmante para pacientes imunossuprimidos ou hospitalizados uma vez que as enterobactérias colonizam nosso trato digestivo e podem causar uma infecção se dada a oportunidade.

Epidemiología, tratamiento y mortalidad en pacientes infectados por enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas: estudio retrospectivo / Epidemiology, treatment and mortality in infection by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: retrospective study

Resumen Introducción: Las enterobacterias productoras de carbapenemasas (EPC) suponen un reto para la salud pública y la práctica clínica. Objetivo: Analizar la epidemiología, el tratamiento y la mortalidad en pacientes infectados por EPC. Material y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de 163 pacientes infectados por EPC en un hospital universitario desde julio de 2013 a octubre de 2015. Resultados: Klebsiella pneumoniae fue aislada en 95,1% de los casos, y la mayoría de las carbapenemasas pertenecían al grupo OXA-48 (93%). La adquisición fue nosocomial en 124 casos (77%), asociada a cuidados sanitarios en 30 (18,6%), y 7 (4,3%) fueron de adquisición comunitaria. Las infecciones más frecuentes fueron las del tracto urinario (48,4%) y las respiratorias (19,5%). Aproximadamente, la mitad de los pacientes recibieron monoterapia antimicrobiana. La tasa de mortalidad a los 30 días fue de 23,3%. El análisis multivariante identificó que la presencia de shock séptico al diagnóstico (OR 4,2; IC 95% 1,5-11) estaba asociada de manera independiente con mayor mortalidad en el primer mes, sin lograr identificar asociación con el tratamiento antimicrobiano inapropiado. Discusión: Son necesarios más estudios para aclarar si el tratamiento antimicrobiano de las infecciones por EPC debe ser combinado o si podría ser suficiente la monoterapia en infecciones leves.

Abstract Background: Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) has become a significant problem in terms of public health and clinical outcome. Objective: To assess the epidemiology, treatment and mortality in patients with infection due to CPE. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 163 patients with CPE infection was carried out in a university hospital from July 2013 to October 2015. Results: A total of 163 patients were included over the study period. Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in 95.1% of cases, and most of carbapenemases belonged to the OXA-48 group (93.0%). Acquisition was nosocomial in 124 cases (77.0%), healthcare-associated in 30 (18.6%), and 7 cases (4.3%) were community-acquired. The most frequent infections identified in this study were urinary tract (48.4%) and respiratory (19.5%) infections. Approximately half of the patients received antibiotic monotherapy. The 30-day mortality rate was 23.3%. Multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of septic shock at diagnosis (OR 4.2; IC 95% 1.5-11) was independently associated with an increase in death during the first month, unable to identify association with inappropriate antibiotic treatment. Discussion: Further studies are needed to clarify whether antibiotic treatment of EPC infections should be combined or if monotherapy might be sufficient in mild infections.

Diseminación clonal de KPC-2 en Klebsiella pneumoniae resistente a carbapenémicos / Clonal dissemination of KPC-2 in carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

Objetivo: Determinar los mecanismos de resistencia antibiótica y la epidemiología molecular de aislados clínicos de Klebsiella pneumoniae resistentes a carbapenémicos. Materiales y métodos: 30 aislados multirresistentes de K. pneumoniae fueron obtenidos a partir de: urocultivo, aspirado traqueal, secreción de herida, sonda vesical, hemocultivo, líquido peritoneal, punta de catéter, colección abdominal y secreción bronquial. Los aislados fueron colectados de noviembre de 2012 a abril de 2013. La identificación y susceptibilidad antibiótica fue determinada por el sistema automatizado VITEK 2. Para la amplificación de genes de resistencia se empleó PCR, la determinación de las Secuencias Tipo (ST) fue obtenida por tipificación multilocus de secuencias (MLST) y la relación clonal fue establecida por electroforesis en gel de campo pulsado (PFGE). Resultados: Todos los aislados mostraron fenotipos multirresistentes, excepto a colistina y tigeciclina. El 100% de los aislados fue productor de la carbapenemasa KPC-2. La determinación de la presencia de genes codificantes de β-lactamasas de Espectro Extendido mostró que el 67% de los aislados fue positivo para el gen blaCTX-M, el 100% fue positivo para el gen blaSHV y 93% fue positivo para el gen blaTEM. El análisis de la relación clonal de los 30 aislados agrupó a 20 en un mismo pulso tipo. El análisis por MLST demostró que la ST predominante fue ST258 presente en el 60% de la población, seguida de ST1199 presente en el 20% de la población analizada. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la importancia de implementar y combinar estudios epidemiológicos, clínicos y moleculares para comprender la distribución de la resistencia entre bacterias de interés clínico.

Objective: To determine the mechanism of antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem resistant isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Materials and Methods: 30 multidrug resistant isolates of K. pneumoniae were obtained from urine culture, tracheal aspirate, wound secretion, bladder catheter, blood culture, peritoneal fluid, catheter tip, abdominal collection, and bronchial secretion. K. pneumoniae isolates were collected between November 2012 and April 2013. Identification and susceptibility were determined by the VITEK 2 system. Resistance genes were identified by PCR, sequence type (ST) was established by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and clonal relationship was defined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: All isolates were multidrug resistant and susceptible to colistin and tigecycline. 100% of isolates produced KPC-2 carbapenemase. This study detected Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases enconding genes. 67% of isolates were positive for blaCTX-M, 100% were positive for blaSHV, and 93% of isolates were positive for blaTEM. Analysis of the clonal relationship clustered 20 isolates in the same clonal complex. Multilocus sequence typing showed the predominant sequence type ST 258 in 60% of population. ST 1199 were present in 20% of bacterial population. Conclusion: Molecular epidemiology, clinical research and molecular biology studies improve understanding of mechanisms of resistance distribution among bacteria of clinical interest.

Prognostic Factors of Central Venous Catheter-related Bloodstream Infections / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the prognostic factors of central venous catheter-related bloodstream infection(CR-BSI)and provide reference for clinical practice. Methods The clinical data of 346 CR-BSI patients from February 2014 to July 2019 were retrospectively reviewed,and the prognostic factors were analyzed. Results Of the 346 CR-BSI patients,62 died,yielding a case-fatality rate of 17.92%.Univariate analysis showed that 18 factors including age(